HOOIAIO HOIKE
Kūleʻa Pilikino
& Leo Manaʻo
ʻAʻole kūʻokoʻa ka ʻatikala no ka mea e kālele ana i nā ʻike ʻepekema a me ka noiʻi e pili ana i ke ola o nā holoholona a ʻaʻole kūkākūkā a ʻoluʻolu paha i kekahi manaʻo politika a pāʻina paha.
Hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka naʻauao.
ʻAʻole kūʻokoʻa ka leo o ka naʻau no ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike ma ke ʻano pahuhopu a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka hōʻike ʻole ʻana i kekahi manaʻo.
Hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka naʻauao.
| Na Richard Ahern - ʻO ka make ʻole ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ma mua o ka manaʻo o ka hapa nui; ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau holoholona e ola ana ma mua o 100 mau makahiki, ʻo nā mea liʻiliʻi wale nō e hiki ke ola mau loa.
'Oko'a ke ola o kēlā me kēia 'ano. ʻOiai ʻo ka awelika o nā kānaka ma nā ʻāina hoʻomohala ma kahi o 80 mau makahiki, ʻo nā ʻinikene e like me ka Mayfly e ola no 24 mau hola wale nō, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nā holoholona e like me ka honu nunui a hiki i 200 mau makahiki.
Akā ʻokoʻa ka make ʻole a loaʻa wale i kēia mau ʻano liʻiliʻi.
1 Laau wētā - pilikua ʻoki
ʻO ka lāʻau wētā he mau ʻeke lele lele ʻole no ka ʻohana Anostostomatidae o nā inike. He ʻano endemic i New Zealand, ʻo kēia mau ʻōkole kekahi o nā pepeke kaumaha loa o ka honua. Loaʻa maʻamau i loko o nā ululāʻau a me nā kīhāpai suburban, koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea ola i nā haʻawina o ka ecology a me ka evolution.
A hiki i 40mm (1.6in) ka lōʻihi a me ke kaumaha he 3-7g (0.1-0.25oz), ulu ka wētā lāʻau i nā lua i loko o nā kumulāʻau, mālama ʻia e lākou a ʻike ʻia ʻo nā hale kiʻi. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia nā weta ma nā hui, maʻamau me hoʻokahi kāne a ma kahi o ʻumi wahine.
He mau mea nocturnal lākou, peʻe i ke ao a ʻai i nā lau, nā pua, nā hua, a me nā ʻupena liʻiliʻi i ka pō. I ka wā ʻōpiopio, e hoʻokahe ka weta i kā lākou exoskeletons ʻewalu manawa ma mua o ʻelua makahiki a hiki i ka nui o ke kanaka makua.
Eia ka ʻāpana kupaianaha…
Hōʻike kēia mau inike i ke kūpaʻa kūʻokoʻa i ka hau hau, mahalo iā nā protein kūikawā i ko lakou koko. ʻOiai inā maloʻo ko lākou naʻau a me ka lolo, hiki iā lākou ke "hoʻōla" i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano ola ola.
Inā ʻaʻole i pepehi ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue, hiki i kēia mau inike ke ola mau loa.
2 ʻO ka ilo planarian
Aia paha ke kī o ka make ʻole i kahi ilo.
ʻAʻole ia he moʻolelo moʻolelo ʻepekema - he ʻike ia mai nā mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Nottingham. Ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻike kamahaʻo e pili ana i kahi ʻano o ka ʻiʻo palahalaha hiki ke wehe i nā mea huna i ka ʻelemakule o ke kanaka.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi hiki i kekahi mau holoholona ke hana hou i kahi ʻeha i kekahi ʻāpana kino, e like me ke ake i loko o ke kanaka a me ka puʻuwai i ka iʻa zebra, akā hiki i kēia holoholona ke hoʻihoʻi i kona kino holoʻokoʻa.
E hui me nā ilo planarian.
Ua hoʻohenehene kēia mau ilo palahalaha i ka poʻe ʻepekema no nā makahiki me ko lākou hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia hoʻoponopono kekahi ʻāpana kino i nalowale. Hiki i kēia mau ilo ke ulu i nā ʻiʻo hou, ka ʻili, ka ʻōpū, a me ka lolo i nā manawa a pau.
ʻAʻole ʻelemakule kēia mau mea make ʻole e like me mākou. Ua wehewehe ʻo Dr. Aziz Aboobaker mai ke Kula ʻo Biology o ke Kulanui o Nottingham e hiki i kēia mau ilo ke pale aku i ka wā kahiko a mālama i kā lākou mau cell e māhele ana. He make ʻole paha lākou.
Aia ka mea huna i nā telomeres…
ʻO Telomeres he mau "pale" ma ka hope o ko kakou mau chromosomes. E noʻonoʻo iā lākou ʻo nā wēlau ma ke kaula kāmaʻa - pale lākou i nā kaula i ka haki ʻana.
I kēlā me kēia manawa e māhele ai ke kelepona, e pōkole kēia mau telomeres. I ka hopena, nalowale ka hiki ke hoʻohou a puʻunaue i ke kelepona. Pono nā holoholona make ʻole e like me nā ilo planarian e mālama i kā lākou telomeres mai ka pōkole.
Eia ka holomua…
Ua wānana ʻo Kauka Aboobaker i ka mālama ʻana o nā ilo planarian i nā wēlau o kā lākou chromosomes i loko o nā pūnaewele kumu makua. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka mea i hiki ke make ʻole theoretical.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi kēia noiʻi. Ua alakaʻi ka hui i nā hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi e wehe i ka make ʻole o ka ilo. Ua ʻike hope lākou i kahi hoʻopunipuni molekala akamai e hiki ai i nā cell ke puʻunaue mau loa me ka pōkole ʻole o nā hopena chromosome.
I ka nui o nā mea ola, he enzyme i kapa ʻia ʻo telomerase ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā telomeres. Akā i ko mākou mau makahiki, e emi ana kāna hana.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina i kahi mana planarian o ka gene coding no telomerase. Ua ʻike lākou ua hoʻonui nui nā ilo asexual i ka hana o kēia ʻano i ka wā e hana hou ai lākou, e ʻae ana i nā cell stem e mālama i kā lākou telomeres.
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻaʻole i mālama nā ilo hoʻohua i ka moe kolohe i ka lōʻihi o ka telomere ma ke ʻano like me nā ilo asexual. Pīhoihoi kēia ʻokoʻa i ka poʻe noiʻi, no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua i nā mana regenerative pau ʻole.
No laila, he aha ke ʻano o kēia?
Manaʻo ka hui e hōʻike paha nā ilo hoʻohua i ka wahine i nā hopena pōkole-telomere a hoʻohana paha i kahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe.
Hiki i kēia mau ilo ke mālama i nā mea huna ma mua o ko lākou make ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻo Polofesa Douglas Kell, Luna Nui o ka BBSRC, ua kōkua nui kēia noiʻi i ko mākou ʻike i nā kaʻina hana ʻelemakule. ʻO ia ke kī i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino a me ka lōʻihi o ke ola ma nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, me ke kanaka.
3 ʻO ka iʻa make ʻole
ʻO Turritopsis dohrnii, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka iʻa make ʻole, ua loaʻa i ka manaʻo no kona hiki ke hoʻi i kahi pae moe kolohe ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ke oʻo.
Loaʻa ʻia ma nā wai ʻoluʻolu a hiki i ka wai wela ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ke ola ma ke ʻano he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo planulae. Hāʻawi kēia mau planulae i nā polyps i hana ʻia i kolone i hoʻopili ʻia i ka papahele o ke kai, a ma hope o ka ʻōpuʻu ʻana e like me ka jellyfish. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau clones genetically i kahi ʻano lālā nui, ʻaʻole maʻamau i waena o ka nui o nā iʻa.
I ko lākou ulu ʻana, lilo lākou i mea makua kāne a lawe pio i nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe. Ke ʻike ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi, ka maʻi, a i ʻole ka makahiki, hiki iā T. dohrnii ke hoʻi hou i ka pae polyp ma o ke kaʻina i kapa ʻia he transdifferentiation.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana transdifferentiation kupaianaha e hiki ai i nā pūnaewele ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano hou, me ka hana maikaʻi ʻana iā T. dohrnii biologically make ʻole. ʻO ka manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻomau mau ʻia ke kaʻina hana, akā naʻe, ma ke ʻano, hiki i ka predation a i ʻole ka maʻi ke make me ka hoʻi ʻole ʻana i ke ʻano polyp. ʻAʻole i kaupalena wale ʻia kēia hanana iā T. dohrnii - ʻike ʻia nā mana like i ka jellyfish Laodicea undulata a me nā ʻano o ka genus Aurelia.
ʻO ka make ʻole o T. dohrnii ka mea i hoʻokomo i kēia iʻa i loko o ke kukui no ka noiʻi ʻepekema. Loaʻa i kāna mau mana olaola kūʻokoʻa nā hopena nui no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka biology kumu, nā kaʻina hana kahiko, a me nā noi lāʻau.
Nā hopena no ke olakino kanaka a me ke ola lōʻihi
Ua wehe ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia mau ʻano i ka puka e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka ʻelemakule ma kahi pae molekala.
Ma nā ʻōlelo maʻalahi, hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke aʻo iā mākou i ka make ʻole - a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi pehea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i ka ʻelemakule a me nā hiʻohiʻona pili i ka makahiki i loko o nā cell kanaka.
ʻO ka manawa wale nō a me ka noiʻi hou e haʻi i ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻike no ke kanaka. Akā hoʻokahi mea maopopo - hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke wehewehe hou i kā mākou ʻike e pili ana i ke ola a me ka lōʻihi.
E hui pū me ke kūkākūkā!